Iowa robotic surgery expert witnesses assess the standard of care in robot-assisted procedures performed in hospital operating rooms statewide. They often are board-certified surgeons in urology, gynecology, general surgery, or colorectal surgery with hands-on console experience. Many practice within University of Iowa Health Care and regional systems serving rural referrals. They evaluate credentialing, device setup, intraoperative decision-making, conversion to open surgery, and postoperative complications.